Optional Practical Training (OPT) is a crucial opportunity for F-1 students in the U.S. to gain practical work experience in their field of study.
This guide delves into the various types of OPT, eligibility requirements, application processes, and timelines, providing a comprehensive resource for international students.
Types of OPT
Pre-Completion OPT
Pre-completion OPT allows F-1 students to work in their field of study while they are still completing their academic program. Eligible students can apply after being enrolled full-time for at least one academic year at a SEVP-certified institution. Key points include:
- Part-Time Employment: Allowed during the academic term (up to 20 hours per week).
- Full-Time Employment: Permitted during breaks and vacations.
Post-Completion OPT
Post-completion OPT is available after a student completes their academic program. Students can work full-time or part-time in their field of study. Important considerations include:
- Employment Duration: Up to 12 months, minus any time used during pre-completion OPT.
- Application Timing: Must apply within 60 days after program completion.
STEM OPT Extension
Students with a degree in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) may qualify for a 24-month extension of their post-completion OPT. To be eligible, students must:
- Hold a STEM Degree: From an institution listed on the STEM Designated Degree Program List.
- Employment with E-Verify Employer: The employer must participate in the E-Verify program.
- Current OPT Status: Have valid post-completion OPT based on the STEM degree.
Applying for OPT
The application process for OPT involves several steps:
- Recommendation from DSO: The designated school official (DSO) must endorse your Form I-20 and make an entry in SEVIS.
- Submit Form I-765: File this form with USCIS, along with the required fee and supporting documents.
Pre-Completion OPT Application Timeline
- Apply Early: Up to 90 days before completing a full academic year.
- Start Date: Employment can only begin after one full academic year is completed.
Post-Completion OPT Application Timeline
- Apply Early: Up to 90 days before completion but no later than 60 days after.
- Work Authorization: Employment can start only after receiving the Employment Authorization Document (EAD).
STEM OPT Extension Application Timeline
- Apply Within 90 Days: Before the current OPT expires.
- Automatic Extension: Employment authorization extends for 180 days while the application is pending.
Maintaining OPT Status
F-1 students must adhere to specific reporting requirements to maintain their OPT status:
- Report Employment Changes: Update any changes in employment status or address within 10 days.
- Stay within Unemployment Limits: Up to 90 days of unemployment for post-completion OPT and an additional 60 days for STEM OPT extensions.
Cap-Gap Extension
F-1 students with a pending or approved H-1B petition may qualify for a cap-gap extension, which allows them to continue working until the H-1B status begins, typically on October 1.
Potential Issues and Solutions
- Termination of OPT: OPT authorization terminates if you transfer to another school or start a new academic program.
- Incorrect EAD Information: Contact your DSO for guidance on rectifying any errors with your EAD.
Conclusion
Navigating the complexities of Optional Practical Training (OPT) can be challenging for international students in the U.S., but understanding the requirements, timelines, and processes can help streamline the experience. Whether you are pursuing pre-completion or post-completion OPT, or aiming for a STEM extension, it is crucial to stay informed and organized.
Ensure you maintain communication with your designated school official (DSO) and adhere to the application guidelines to maximize your chances of a successful OPT period. By leveraging OPT, students can gain valuable work experience that complements their academic achievements, paving the way for future career opportunities.
FAQs of OPT for F1 Visa students
1: Can I apply for OPT before completing one academic year?
No, you must complete one full academic year before applying for OPT. The one-year requirement ensures that students have adequately progressed in their academic program and are ready for practical training.
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2: How many hours can I work on pre-completion OPT?
On pre-completion OPT, you can work up to 20 hours per week while school is in session and full-time during breaks. This allows students to gain practical experience without interfering with their academic responsibilities.
3: What happens if my OPT application is denied?
If your OPT application is denied, you will not be authorized to work under OPT. Consult your DSO immediately to explore alternative options or to understand the reasons for denial and possibly reapply or correct any issues.
4: Can I travel while my OPT application is pending?
Traveling while your OPT application is pending can be risky and may result in denial of re-entry. It’s best to consult with your DSO before making any travel plans to understand the implications and ensure compliance with immigration regulations.
5: How do I know if my employer is enrolled in E-Verify?
You can verify if your employer is enrolled in E-Verify by asking them directly or checking the E-Verify website. Participation in E-Verify is essential for eligibility for the STEM OPT extension, ensuring that the employer meets federal employment verification standards.
6: Can I extend my OPT beyond 12 months?
Yes, if you qualify for a STEM OPT extension, you can extend your OPT for an additional 24 months. This extension provides STEM graduates with more time to gain practical experience in their field, leveraging their academic training in the workforce.